Lead-acid Battery Development
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Environmental Protection, the National Development and Reform Commission and other five departments have jointly issued "on the promotion of the development of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry norms Opinions, clearly the backward production capacity will increase efforts to eliminate, by 2015, lead scrap acid battery recycling and comprehensive utilization rate of more than 90%, the lead recycling accounted for more than 50%, promote the formation of the National Lead resources recycling system.
Analysts believe that after following the May 2012 lead-acid battery industry access conditions, lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry policy once again introduced, showing the determination of the Government to promote the industry to speed up the integration is conducive to business mergers and reorganizations, and promote industrial upgrading, increased industrial concentration.
Tired of environmental pollution
As a great environmental destructive metal elements, lead in the field of environmental protection has always been "eco-killer," said. Especially in recent years, our children's blood lead when the event occurs frequently in newspaper reports of lead contamination of groundwater, ordinary people a time to smell the mere mention of lead, have the focus of contradictions points to lead-related enterprises, lead-acid batteries manufacturers a lot of complaints.
In fact, since the 1860 French Prandtl invented the use of lead as a battery electrode, lead-acid battery is over 150 years old. Lead-acid batteries with a reliable, mature production technology, lower prices, and the use of the process do not need to add water, maintenance and so on, have been widely used in many fields. At present, most of our electric bicycles and electric vehicles are also used in this battery.
Since there are many advantages, the history of human use and very long, why the relevant state departments will often be the lead-acid battery industry "heavy" attack?
Industry experts, waste lead-acid batteries contain lead paste, waste sulfuric acid and other chemical substances, if any emissions interested in soil and groundwater caused serious pollution, and this pollution will last for many years. The same time, in the lead-acid battery is also equipped with the high solubility of the acid, the acid contains a certain amount of lead, indiscriminate discharge of contaminated land and lead generating steam to cause harm to human health.
And the pollution it is precisely China's lead-acid battery industry to longstanding industry ills. After years of development, the rapid expansion of China's lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry has now become a global lead-acid battery production, consumption and export of power. However, due to the part of the small scale, backward technology, low levels of pollution control, leading to frequent incidents of lead pollution, a serious threat to the health of the masses and affect social stability.
With the whole society on the importance of environmental issues as well as all kinds of domestic industry to continuously improve the environmental threshold, in recent years, the lead-acid battery industry in the restructuring and development of the crossroads.
Comply with the dual demands of industrial development reality and the masses of green growing louder, "opinions" on the promotion of the development of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry norms put forward a series of measures to accelerate industrial restructuring and upgrading, involving increase backward production capacity out efforts, strict industry access and production license management, and strengthen the management of project approval.
Accelerate the pace of industrial restructuring
It is understood that the lead-acid batteries in electric car market to occupy a higher share, although to some extent by the impact of the lithium battery technology, but cost-effective lead-acid batteries to ensure that the mainstream position in the short term can not shake. With the rapid development of electric bicycles, electric tricycle industry, the demand for batteries there will be greater room for growth. The same time, China's automobile industry development space, The great car ownership and the new car battery replacement and supporting steady growth will drive the demand for automotive lead-acid batteries.
"At present, the performance lead-acid battery business to the inventory is still quite obvious. Lithium batteries because of its high price, for a moment, can not replace the lead-acid battery, so if the downstream consumption continues to grow or remain strong in 2013 lead-acid batteries production is expected to synchronize strong. "industry analyst Lin Zhechen said., the domestic market demand driven capacity expansion's sake, lead-acid batteries do not have the possibility of being out of the market in the short-term. Future national level management priorities of the lead-acid battery industry is bound to fall out of backward production capacity, promote structural adjustment.
Lin Zhechen views represent a considerable part of the point of view of the lead-acid battery manufacturers. The point of view of these manufacturers to be reflected in the views on the promotion of the development of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry norms.
Eliminate backward production capacity, the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry as countries key industries and eliminate backward production capacity, immediate phase-out of the opening ordinary lead-acid battery production capacity, and not be eliminated by the end of 2015 by the Environmental Protection verification, does not meet the entry the conditions of backward production enterprises. Prohibit the backward production capacity transferred to rural areas and central and western regions. Encourage qualified enterprises merger and reorganization.
Strict access, to strengthen the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead new change, the expansion project for the record management, prohibits the important ecological function areas, lead pollution exceeded the regional and heavy metal pollution prevention in key areas of new, rebuilt and expanded to increase the lead pollutant emissions project; non-key areas, new, revision, and expansion of the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead companies to comply with the regional lead pollutant emission control requirements. Construction of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead gathering parks, should be carried out planning environmental impact assessment, and strengthen the planning and control of the park, and strictly implement the protection distance requirements.
In addition, the five departments in the future will increase financial support by the central government in 2012-2015, eliminate backward production capacity incentive funds to eliminate backward production capacity to support the national lead-acid battery business. And the implementation of tax incentives. Continue the use of waste lead-acid battery production secondary lead enterprise, the implementation of preferential tax policies for of VAT Jizhengjitui 50%.
To build a recycling system
It is understood that China's "national list of hazardous waste, used batteries containing mercury, cadmium, zinc, nickel and lead, heavy metals impressively. Frustratingly, even in the highest penetration of cleaner production Beijing, is also only a few units qualified disposing of used batteries, digestion capacity.
China Battery Industry Association, has done a statistical. According to the recommendations of the association submitted to the authorities of used lead-acid battery recycling deposit system, is currently engaged in recycling of used batteries to individual workshops based, accounting for more than 80% of the number of recovery; followed by the self-employed to the small smelters.
Side waste batteries and can not remove it, the other side is the production capacity has rapidly risen. The battery industry in 2012 to run the report released in February this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said in the four major categories of varieties of battery pack, lead-acid battery production year-on-year increase, the cumulative production of 174 863 000 kVA, an increase of 27.3 %. Among them, domestic plumbing Province, Henan Province, the annual output reached 5.55 million KVA, an increase of up to 95.73%.
How to resolve conflicts? As heavy head part of the "opinions", the "Opinions" regulate the recycling behavior. According to norms of self-employed waste lead-acid battery recycling behavior, crack down on illegal dismantling and the indigenous refining lead behavior. Improve hazardous waste operating license system to encourage production enterprises through its retail network organization recycling of waste lead-acid battery, support production companies, sales companies, professional recycling companies and secondary lead companies to build a recycling network. Strengthen the collection of waste lead-acid battery, storage, transport the whole process of supervision. Support large-scale, standardized Lead recycling demonstration projects.
In view of the above, the China Battery Industry Association also recommends that battery manufacturers establish broad recovery mechanisms. Many well-known production of home appliances, recycling and subsidies, it can avoid the destruction of heavy metals on the local environment. In addition, and actively develop cheap, safe and reliable performance of alternative products, such as lithium-ion battery.
Analysts believe that after following the May 2012 lead-acid battery industry access conditions, lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry policy once again introduced, showing the determination of the Government to promote the industry to speed up the integration is conducive to business mergers and reorganizations, and promote industrial upgrading, increased industrial concentration.
Tired of environmental pollution
As a great environmental destructive metal elements, lead in the field of environmental protection has always been "eco-killer," said. Especially in recent years, our children's blood lead when the event occurs frequently in newspaper reports of lead contamination of groundwater, ordinary people a time to smell the mere mention of lead, have the focus of contradictions points to lead-related enterprises, lead-acid batteries manufacturers a lot of complaints.
In fact, since the 1860 French Prandtl invented the use of lead as a battery electrode, lead-acid battery is over 150 years old. Lead-acid batteries with a reliable, mature production technology, lower prices, and the use of the process do not need to add water, maintenance and so on, have been widely used in many fields. At present, most of our electric bicycles and electric vehicles are also used in this battery.
Since there are many advantages, the history of human use and very long, why the relevant state departments will often be the lead-acid battery industry "heavy" attack?
Industry experts, waste lead-acid batteries contain lead paste, waste sulfuric acid and other chemical substances, if any emissions interested in soil and groundwater caused serious pollution, and this pollution will last for many years. The same time, in the lead-acid battery is also equipped with the high solubility of the acid, the acid contains a certain amount of lead, indiscriminate discharge of contaminated land and lead generating steam to cause harm to human health.
And the pollution it is precisely China's lead-acid battery industry to longstanding industry ills. After years of development, the rapid expansion of China's lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry has now become a global lead-acid battery production, consumption and export of power. However, due to the part of the small scale, backward technology, low levels of pollution control, leading to frequent incidents of lead pollution, a serious threat to the health of the masses and affect social stability.
With the whole society on the importance of environmental issues as well as all kinds of domestic industry to continuously improve the environmental threshold, in recent years, the lead-acid battery industry in the restructuring and development of the crossroads.
Comply with the dual demands of industrial development reality and the masses of green growing louder, "opinions" on the promotion of the development of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry norms put forward a series of measures to accelerate industrial restructuring and upgrading, involving increase backward production capacity out efforts, strict industry access and production license management, and strengthen the management of project approval.
Accelerate the pace of industrial restructuring
It is understood that the lead-acid batteries in electric car market to occupy a higher share, although to some extent by the impact of the lithium battery technology, but cost-effective lead-acid batteries to ensure that the mainstream position in the short term can not shake. With the rapid development of electric bicycles, electric tricycle industry, the demand for batteries there will be greater room for growth. The same time, China's automobile industry development space, The great car ownership and the new car battery replacement and supporting steady growth will drive the demand for automotive lead-acid batteries.
"At present, the performance lead-acid battery business to the inventory is still quite obvious. Lithium batteries because of its high price, for a moment, can not replace the lead-acid battery, so if the downstream consumption continues to grow or remain strong in 2013 lead-acid batteries production is expected to synchronize strong. "industry analyst Lin Zhechen said., the domestic market demand driven capacity expansion's sake, lead-acid batteries do not have the possibility of being out of the market in the short-term. Future national level management priorities of the lead-acid battery industry is bound to fall out of backward production capacity, promote structural adjustment.
Lin Zhechen views represent a considerable part of the point of view of the lead-acid battery manufacturers. The point of view of these manufacturers to be reflected in the views on the promotion of the development of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry norms.
Eliminate backward production capacity, the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead industry as countries key industries and eliminate backward production capacity, immediate phase-out of the opening ordinary lead-acid battery production capacity, and not be eliminated by the end of 2015 by the Environmental Protection verification, does not meet the entry the conditions of backward production enterprises. Prohibit the backward production capacity transferred to rural areas and central and western regions. Encourage qualified enterprises merger and reorganization.
Strict access, to strengthen the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead new change, the expansion project for the record management, prohibits the important ecological function areas, lead pollution exceeded the regional and heavy metal pollution prevention in key areas of new, rebuilt and expanded to increase the lead pollutant emissions project; non-key areas, new, revision, and expansion of the lead-acid batteries and secondary lead companies to comply with the regional lead pollutant emission control requirements. Construction of lead-acid batteries and secondary lead gathering parks, should be carried out planning environmental impact assessment, and strengthen the planning and control of the park, and strictly implement the protection distance requirements.
In addition, the five departments in the future will increase financial support by the central government in 2012-2015, eliminate backward production capacity incentive funds to eliminate backward production capacity to support the national lead-acid battery business. And the implementation of tax incentives. Continue the use of waste lead-acid battery production secondary lead enterprise, the implementation of preferential tax policies for of VAT Jizhengjitui 50%.
To build a recycling system
It is understood that China's "national list of hazardous waste, used batteries containing mercury, cadmium, zinc, nickel and lead, heavy metals impressively. Frustratingly, even in the highest penetration of cleaner production Beijing, is also only a few units qualified disposing of used batteries, digestion capacity.
China Battery Industry Association, has done a statistical. According to the recommendations of the association submitted to the authorities of used lead-acid battery recycling deposit system, is currently engaged in recycling of used batteries to individual workshops based, accounting for more than 80% of the number of recovery; followed by the self-employed to the small smelters.
Side waste batteries and can not remove it, the other side is the production capacity has rapidly risen. The battery industry in 2012 to run the report released in February this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said in the four major categories of varieties of battery pack, lead-acid battery production year-on-year increase, the cumulative production of 174 863 000 kVA, an increase of 27.3 %. Among them, domestic plumbing Province, Henan Province, the annual output reached 5.55 million KVA, an increase of up to 95.73%.
How to resolve conflicts? As heavy head part of the "opinions", the "Opinions" regulate the recycling behavior. According to norms of self-employed waste lead-acid battery recycling behavior, crack down on illegal dismantling and the indigenous refining lead behavior. Improve hazardous waste operating license system to encourage production enterprises through its retail network organization recycling of waste lead-acid battery, support production companies, sales companies, professional recycling companies and secondary lead companies to build a recycling network. Strengthen the collection of waste lead-acid battery, storage, transport the whole process of supervision. Support large-scale, standardized Lead recycling demonstration projects.
In view of the above, the China Battery Industry Association also recommends that battery manufacturers establish broad recovery mechanisms. Many well-known production of home appliances, recycling and subsidies, it can avoid the destruction of heavy metals on the local environment. In addition, and actively develop cheap, safe and reliable performance of alternative products, such as lithium-ion battery.
Switching Power Supply Design
Switching power supply design should meet the technical performance indicators: output / input voltage ratio (UO / UI), the output power PO converter efficiency eta, output voltage ripple △ UO input voltage source voltage Ui electromagnetic interference ( EMI) amplitude limit. During the optimization design, the inequality constraints to represent the performance indicators (to meet a certain inequality constraints, which means that the design results to meet a performance index).
The main circuit of the switching power supply design, should be calculated and selected main content: select the main circuit structure, selection switch (transistor, power MOSFET or IGBT) and model of the rectifier diode voltage and current specifications to determine the form and parameters of the input and output filters; calculate the core specification of the magnetic components (inductors, transformers, current transformers, etc.), the size of the windings, and the specifications of the wire, as well as the selection of the capacitor.
Switching power supply control circuit compensation network should be designed to meet the transient performance indicators of the power supply, so it is a transient design. Switching power supply transient performance indicators are: the stability of the power system, fast (recovery time) on overshoot and undershoot transient response, power disturbance (of disturbance including input voltage transient disturbance, the load transient perturbation of a sudden or sudden load reduction). The main circuit parameters and switching power supply transient response performance has greatly transient design should be carried out after the completion of the main circuit design.
The main contents include: the optimal design of switching power supply transient select the feedback control mode (voltage feedback voltage, current feedback, called single-loop to control and bicyclic control) compensation network (that is, the proportion integral differential or PID amplifier) circuit form, the optimal design of PID parameters.
The main circuit of the switching power supply design, should be calculated and selected main content: select the main circuit structure, selection switch (transistor, power MOSFET or IGBT) and model of the rectifier diode voltage and current specifications to determine the form and parameters of the input and output filters; calculate the core specification of the magnetic components (inductors, transformers, current transformers, etc.), the size of the windings, and the specifications of the wire, as well as the selection of the capacitor.
Switching power supply control circuit compensation network should be designed to meet the transient performance indicators of the power supply, so it is a transient design. Switching power supply transient performance indicators are: the stability of the power system, fast (recovery time) on overshoot and undershoot transient response, power disturbance (of disturbance including input voltage transient disturbance, the load transient perturbation of a sudden or sudden load reduction). The main circuit parameters and switching power supply transient response performance has greatly transient design should be carried out after the completion of the main circuit design.
The main contents include: the optimal design of switching power supply transient select the feedback control mode (voltage feedback voltage, current feedback, called single-loop to control and bicyclic control) compensation network (that is, the proportion integral differential or PID amplifier) circuit form, the optimal design of PID parameters.
